[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":317},["ShallowReactive",2],{"species-sheet-\u002Fit\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-ebeninus":3},{"species":4,"profile":194,"countryNames":229,"lookalikes":242,"similar":246,"posts":296},{"id":5,"authority":6,"colonyStructure":7,"confidence":8,"countries":11,"defense":24,"diet":26,"difficulty":30,"dryHumidity":31,"escapeRisk":10,"estimated":34,"experience":41,"extension":42,"finder":43,"founding":44,"growth":45,"guide":46,"hibernation":47,"hibernationMonths":48,"hibernationTemperature":51,"humidity":54,"image":56,"imageCredit":57,"imageHeight":61,"imageWidth":62,"interests":46,"keptSince":46,"legal":63,"lookalikes":66,"majorSize":69,"maxWorkers":70,"meta":71,"nests":72,"nuptialFlightMonths":76,"nuptialFlightTime":79,"nuptialFlightTriggers":80,"polymorphism":82,"queenSize":83,"regions":84,"relatedPosts":87,"reviewedAt":65,"scientificName":91,"sources":92,"stem":179,"subfamily":180,"temperature":181,"tribe":184,"workerSize":185,"__hash__":188,"slug":189,"genus":190,"nickname":191,"aliases":192,"tagline":193},"species\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-ebeninus.yml","Santschi, 1927","monogyne",{"biology":9,"husbandry":10,"nuptialFlight":9},"medium","low",[12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23],"EG","IL","LB","SY","TR","IQ","IR","KW","SA","BH","AE","OM",[25],"bite",[27,28,29],"seeds","insects","sugar","2",[32,33],30,50,[35,36,37,38,39,40],"temperature","humidity","hibernationTemperature","workerSize","queenSize","maxWorkers","compiled","yml",false,"claustral","moderate",null,"recommended",[49,50],1,2,[52,53],15,18,[33,55],60,"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-ebeninus.jpg",{"author":58,"license":59,"url":60},"Moshe Neeman (משה נאמן, moshe_neeman)","CC BY 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Birulatus_israelensis_in_Israel.jpg",800,1200,{"status":64,"checked":65},"free","2026-10-11",[67,68],"Messor semirufus","Messor capitatus",10,5000,{},[73,74,75],"ytong","acrylic","naturalistic",[77,78],11,12,"morning",[81],"rain","polymorphic",[77,78],[85,86],"middleEast","northAfrica",[88,89,90],"how-to-make-a-test-tube-setup-tutorial","ytong-vs-acrylic-which-is-better-for-an-ant-nest","how-to-hibernate-your-ants","Messor ebeninus",[93,99,104,110,114,119,123,127,131,135,139,143,149,153,158,162,167,171,175],{"type":94,"title":95,"url":96,"covers":97},"reference","AntCat: Messor ebeninus Santschi, 1927 (protonym Messor semirufus var. ebeninus, syntypes from Syria and Israel, valid species)","https:\u002F\u002Fantcat.org\u002Fprotonyms\u002F165791",[98],"taxonomy",{"type":100,"title":101,"url":102,"covers":103},"paper","Ward, Brady, Fisher and Schultz (2015), Systematic Entomology 40: The evolution of myrmicine ants, phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (the tribe Stenammini, with Messor)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fsyen.12090",[98],{"type":100,"title":105,"url":106,"covers":107},"Tohmé (1969), Proceedings of the VIth IUSSI Congress, Bern: Essaimage et premiers stades du développement de Messor ebeninus (swarming of the semirufus group in Lebanon after the first autumn rains)","https:\u002F\u002Fdictionnaire-amoureux-des-fourmis.fr\u002FUIEIS-IUSSI\u002FIUSSI-Bern-1969\u002FIUSSI-Bern-1969-Tohme.pdf",[108,109],"biology","nuptialFlight",{"type":100,"title":111,"url":112,"covers":113},"Tohmé (1972), Insectes Sociaux 19: Le nid et le comportement de construction de la fourmi Messor ebeninus (two-level nest, dry granary above and damp brood chambers below, digging in the damp soil)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02224727",[108],{"type":100,"title":115,"url":116,"covers":117},"Salata, Lapeva-Gjonova, Georgiadis and Borowiec (2023), ZooKeys 1185: Review of the Messor semirufus complex in Greece (Messor ebeninus listed for the Middle East and eastern Turkey, the only uniformly black member of the complex in the Eastern Mediterranean, type material from Syria and Lebanon)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3897\u002Fzookeys.1185.111484",[98,118],"distribution",{"type":100,"title":120,"url":121,"covers":122},"Saar et al. (2023), bioRxiv preprint: Systematics of harvester ants (Messor) in Israel based on integrated morphological, genetic, and ecological data (M. ebeninus as a distinct lineage and the most widespread Messor in Israel, misidentifications with morphological keys)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2023.07.16.549226v1",[98,118,108],{"type":100,"title":124,"url":125,"covers":126},"Sharaf, Abdel-Dayem, Al Dhafer and Aldawood (2013), Zootaxa 3709: The ants of Rawdhat Khorim Nature Preserve, Saudi Arabia (Messor ebeninus widespread on the Arabian Peninsula, workers most active in April and December)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.11646\u002Fzootaxa.3709.6.6",[118,108],{"type":100,"title":128,"url":129,"covers":130},"O’Donnell, Bulova, Caponera, Oxman and Giladi (2020), Insectes Sociaux 67: Species differ in worker body size effects on critical thermal limits in seed-harvesting desert ants (Messor ebeninus and M. arenarius in the Negev)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00040-020-00782-5",[108,118],{"type":100,"title":132,"url":133,"covers":134},"Mor-Mussery and Budovsky (2017), Geography Environment Sustainability 10: Ecological and microtopographical impact of Messor ebeninus and Messor arenarius ants on arid loess rangelands of the northern Negev","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.24057\u002F2071-9388-2017-10-2-57-73",[108,118],{"type":94,"title":136,"url":137,"covers":138},"AntWiki: Messor ebeninus (country list, black color, absence of worker-produced males)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.antwiki.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMessor_ebeninus",[98,108,118],{"type":94,"title":140,"url":141,"covers":142},"GBIF: Messor ebeninus Santschi, 1927, occurrence records by country (Saudi Arabia, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Oman, Iran)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gbif.org\u002Fspecies\u002F1316390",[118],{"type":144,"title":145,"url":146,"covers":147},"careSheet","Antstore: Messor ebeninus (sizes, colony form, founding, climate of nest and arena, winter rest, diet, nests, flight at the end of November and the start of December)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.antstore.net\u002Fshop\u002Fen\u002Fants\u002FAnts-from-South-Europe\u002FMessor-ebeninus.html",[148,108,109],"husbandry",{"type":144,"title":150,"url":151,"covers":152},"Best Ants UK: Messor ebeninus (sizes of the three worker classes, queen size, warmth, feeding in the outworld)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bestantsuk.com\u002Fproduct-page\u002Fmessor-ebeninus",[148,108],{"type":154,"title":155,"url":156,"covers":157},"forum","ANTSTORE forum: Messor ebeninus (2008 to 2009 thread: keepers say the species is harder to keep than Messor barbarus but not impossible, hibernates at a mild temperature in an unheated room and may skip the first winter; figures quoted from a source on Lebanese populations: monogyne, flights in November and December, queens laying from late February)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.antstore.net\u002Fforum\u002Ftopic7429.html",[148,109,108],{"type":144,"title":159,"url":160,"covers":161},"Ant Shack: Messor ebeninus care sheet (warm nest, humidity gradient, mild winter rest)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ant-shack.com\u002Fblogs\u002Fant-care-sheets-1\u002Fmessor-ebeninus",[148],{"type":94,"title":163,"url":164,"covers":165},"EU list of invasive alien species of Union concern (Implementing Regulation 2016\u002F1141, consolidated)","https:\u002F\u002Feur-lex.europa.eu\u002Feli\u002Freg_impl\u002F2016\u002F1141\u002Foj",[166],"legal",{"type":94,"title":168,"url":169,"covers":170},"Bundesartenschutzverordnung (BArtSchV), Anlage 1: protected species in Germany","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de\u002Fbartschv_2005\u002Fanlage_1.html",[166],{"type":94,"title":172,"url":173,"covers":174},"MITECO: Spanish Catalogue of Invasive Alien Species, arthropods","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.miteco.gob.es\u002Fen\u002Fbiodiversidad\u002Ftemas\u002Fconservacion-de-especies\u002Fespecies-exoticas-invasoras\u002Fce_eei_artropodos_nc.html",[166],{"type":94,"title":176,"url":177,"covers":178},"Japan Ministry of the Environment: list of designated invasive alien species (Invasive Alien Species Act)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.env.go.jp\u002Fnature\u002Fintro\u002F2outline\u002Flist.html",[166],"species\u002Fmessor-ebeninus","Myrmicinae",[182,183],22,28,"Stenammini",[186,187],4,8,"LrW1VkeQQL7YXMYFgJjOV3tD2aNsLYk7axu-jmS2RoY","messor-ebeninus","Messor","",[],"Una formica mietitrice del Medio Oriente, nera come l'ebano e lucida, che conserva i semi ai piani alti e alleva la covata nel terreno umido molto più in basso.",{"id":195,"title":196,"aliases":192,"body":197,"description":191,"extension":202,"faqs":203,"identification":210,"language":211,"meta":212,"navigation":213,"nickname":191,"notes":214,"path":225,"seo":226,"stem":227,"tagline":193,"__hash__":228},"speciesProfiles\u002Fit\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-ebeninus.md","Messor Ebeninus",{"type":198,"value":199,"toc":200},"minimark",[],{"title":191,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":201},[],"md",[204,207],{"question":205,"answer":206},"Messor ebeninus è solo una forma di colore di Messor semirufus?","All'origine lo era: Santschi la descrisse nel 1927 come varietà di Messor semirufus, e solo più tardi fu elevata al rango di specie. Un preprint del 2023 sulle formiche mietitrici di Israele ha rilevato che ebeninus forma una propria linea genetica ed è la Messor più diffusa nel paese, ma anche che alcune formiche identificate come semirufus con le consuete chiavi morfologiche si sono rivelate ebeninus. È uno dei motivi per cui i negozi scrivono spesso cf. nel nome.",{"question":208,"answer":209},"Come organizzano il nido le colonie selvatiche di Messor ebeninus?","Uno studio sul nido dei primi anni Settanta descrive un profondo pozzo centrale con camere e gallerie laterali, suddiviso in due livelli. Il livello superiore resta asciutto in estate e funziona da granaio, mentre quello inferiore scende fino al bordo della falda freatica e ospita la regina e la covata. Gli esperimenti hanno mostrato che la regina e le operaie scavano nelle parti umide del terreno e che la lunga estate calda e secca spinge la colonia verso strati più profondi e umidi.","Operaie lucide, di un nero uniforme e di varie taglie, con al massimo un torace leggermente rossiccio nelle più piccole, il che le distingue dalle maggiori dalla testa rossa di Messor barbarus. Le Messor del Medio Oriente sono difficili da distinguere anche per gli specialisti e i negozi scrivono spesso cf., quindi questa scheda segue la forma nera venduta come ebeninus.","it",{},true,[215,218,220,223],{"kind":216,"text":217},"tip","Riproduci i due piani del nido selvatico: una parte superiore asciutta per la scorta di semi e una parte inferiore umida per la regina e la covata. In un nido in Ytong o in gesso, bagna solo un'estremità e lascia asciutta l'altra.",{"kind":216,"text":219},"Fai iniziare le prime operaie con semi molto piccoli e morbidi. In uno studio di allevamento di regine selvatiche in Libano, le prime operaie hanno ignorato i grossi semi duri di leguminose e il cibo zuccherino, e le prime colonie sono fallite per mancanza di semi adatti finché non sono stati offerti semi minuscoli della famiglia delle Geraniacee.",{"kind":221,"text":222},"watchOut","Una regina catturata dopo il volo autunnale depone solo a fine inverno, quindi una provetta senza uova per mesi è normale. Poi una giovane colonia cresce lentamente: in quello studio aveva solo qualche decina di operaie l'autunno successivo.",{"kind":221,"text":224},"L'acqua libera è una trappola in cui le Messor annegano, quindi copri i punti di abbeverata con sassolini o cotone. Dai i semi solo nell'outworld e togli gli avanzi prima che ammuffiscano.","\u002Fit\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-ebeninus",{"description":191},"it\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-ebeninus","Y3mz-OQILGm_LSZQnqt1oDkP3q5XXtBRsby4_Ul_9iE",[230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241],"Arabia Saudita","Bahrein","Egitto","Emirati Arabi Uniti","Iran","Iraq","Israele","Kuwait","Libano","Oman","Siria","Turchia",[243,244],{"name":67,"slug":46},{"name":68,"slug":245},"messor-capitatus",[247,264,284],{"slug":248,"scientificName":249,"genus":190,"nickname":191,"aliases":250,"tagline":251,"image":252,"experience":41,"guide":46,"difficulty":30,"workerSize":253,"majorSize":69,"queenSize":254,"temperature":256,"hibernation":258,"hibernationTemperature":259,"hibernationBand":260,"sizeClass":261,"founding":44,"colonyStructure":7,"regions":262},"messor-wasmanni","Messor wasmanni",[],"Una raccoglitrice di semi dalla testa grossa delle praterie soleggiate d'Italia e dei Balcani, con ordinate piste verso il nido e un nome che si scrive ancora con un prudente cf.","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-wasmanni.jpg",[186,187],[78,255],14,[182,257],26,"required",[78,52],"mild","large",[263,85],"europe",{"slug":265,"scientificName":266,"genus":190,"nickname":267,"aliases":268,"tagline":270,"image":271,"experience":272,"guide":273,"difficulty":274,"workerSize":275,"majorSize":255,"queenSize":277,"temperature":279,"hibernation":258,"hibernationTemperature":281,"hibernationBand":260,"sizeClass":261,"founding":44,"colonyStructure":7,"regions":283},"messor-barbarus","Messor barbarus","Formica mietitrice",[269],"Formica barbaresca","Una raccoglitrice di semi calma e un po' goffa, con maggiori dalla testa enorme, e la mia prima scelta per i principianti.","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002FMessor_barbarus_major_2.jpeg","firstHand","how-to-care-for-messor-barbarus","1",[276,187],3,[255,278],17,[280,257],21,[78,282],16,[263,86],{"slug":245,"scientificName":68,"genus":190,"nickname":285,"aliases":286,"tagline":287,"image":288,"experience":41,"guide":46,"difficulty":30,"workerSize":289,"majorSize":290,"queenSize":291,"temperature":292,"hibernation":258,"hibernationTemperature":293,"hibernationBand":294,"sizeClass":261,"founding":44,"colonyStructure":7,"regions":295},"Formicone nero",[],"Una raccoglitrice di semi nera e lucida, con maggiori dalla testa grossa che macinano i semi più duri fino a farne pane di formica su terreni asciutti e rocciosi.","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002Fspecies\u002Fmessor-capitatus.jpg",[186,187],13,[290,52],[182,183],[69,52],"cool",[263,86],[297,304,311],{"id":298,"title":299,"description":300,"image":301,"categoryText":302,"path":303},"blog\u002Fit\u002Fhow-to-make-a-test-tube-setup-tutorial.md","Come Fare un Setup in Provetta - Allevamento di Formiche","In questo tutorial imparerai come preparare un setup in provetta, il modo migliore per creare l'ambiente ideale per una regina appena fecondata!","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002Fbruma_ants_thumbnail_test_tube_setup_tutorial_new.png","Basi dell'Allevamento di Formiche","\u002Fit\u002Fhow-to-make-a-test-tube-setup-tutorial",{"id":305,"title":306,"description":307,"image":308,"categoryText":309,"path":310},"blog\u002Fit\u002Fytong-vs-acrylic-which-is-better-for-an-ant-nest.md","Ytong vs Acrilico - Quale Materiale È Migliore?","In questo articolo parleremo di due tra i tipi più popolari di nidi per formiche: quelli in acrilico e quelli in Ytong! Confrontiamoli!","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002Fbruma_ants_thumbnail_ytong_vs_acrylic.png","Confronti tra Prodotti","\u002Fit\u002Fytong-vs-acrylic-which-is-better-for-an-ant-nest",{"id":312,"title":313,"description":314,"image":315,"categoryText":302,"path":316},"blog\u002Fit\u002Fhow-to-hibernate-your-ants.md","Come Ibernare le Tue Formiche - Tutorial sull'Ibernazione","In questa guida parleremo di ibernazione: cos'è? Perché le formiche hanno bisogno dell'ibernazione? Devo ibernare le mie formiche? Scopriamolo!","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.brumaants.com\u002Fimages\u002Fbruma_ants_thumbnail_hibernation_guide.png","\u002Fit\u002Fhow-to-hibernate-your-ants",1791900231412]